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Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems: 2018, 20, N6 (pages: 27 - 34)

Sleep Problems among Intravenous and Non-Intravenous Opioid-Dependent Patients: The Role of Modality of Use

Khazaie H., Jalali A., Cheraghi K., Mojtaba Ahmadi S., and Khaledi-Paveh B.

Summary: Background: Sleep is one of the most basic needs and complex behaviours of human beings. Although many studies have been conducted on sleep disorders in opioid users, very few have carried out a comparative analysis of how sleep disorders in this group are affected by the method of substance use. Aim: The main aim of the present study is to compare sleep problems among individuals with intravenous and non-intravenous opioids dependency. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on a statistical population consisting of all the opioid-dependent people in Kermanshah in 2015 who had been admitted to voluntary addiction treatment programmes and rehabilitation centres. A total of 173 male opioid users were chosen through convenience sampling, and assessed using the Berlin Sleep Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results: The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the risk of apnea and the components of sleep quality, except for daytime dysfunction and state of sleepiness, in which the groups did differ significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that both groups of patients were in a poor condition in terms of the risk of sleep apnea, the quality of sleep and the level of sleepiness, and also that the intravenous opioid-dependent group was in a worse condition compared with the non-intravenous group.